Why Leaders Fightepub,mobi,azw3格式电子书下载，作者：Michael C. Horowitz-读书派

The history of political events is made by people. It doesn't exist without us. From wars to elections to political protests, the choices we make, our actions, how we behave, dictate events. Not all individuals have the same impact on our world and our lives. Some peoples' choices alter the pathways that history takes. In particular, national chief executives play a large role in forging the destinies of the countries they lead. Why Leaders Fight is about those world leaders and how their beliefs, world views, and tolerance for risk and military conflict are shaped by their life experiences before they enter office – military, family, occupation, and more. Using in-depth research on important leaders and the largest set of data on leader backgrounds ever gathered, the authors of Why Leaders Fight show that – within the constraints of domestic political institutions and the international system – who ends up in office plays a critical role in determining when and why countries go to war.

Michael C. Horowitz, University of Pennsylvania

Michael C. Horowitz is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of the award-winning book, The Diffusion of Military Power. He has published widely in academic journals and mainstream media outlets on topics including the role of leaders in international politics, military innova...

二七小婊贝儿。

2020-05-22

我们所面临的“常态”困境指的是“在大多数情况下，没有正式的规则或标准来界定什么情况是正常的”。在这种情况下，希望定义“正常”的人通常会从三种不同方法中的选择一种。第一种方法是通过数据来定义，“即‘正常’是一个群体中大多数人的行为”。“正常”是一种典型状况，是大多数人会做的事——也就是说任何个人行为都不可能是“正常的”。人多有两条腿，能呼吸，有社交欲望，因此这些情况就被视为“正常”。通过这种办法来定义正常的问题是，它会让我们陷入认为“数据上的多数即为好”的陷阱。霍洛维兹举了个例子，20世纪30至40年代纳粹党执政时，大多数德国人支持种族主义和种族灭绝的政策，那么，难道纳粹主义就是人们应该持有的一种“正常的”观念吗？

Why Leaders Fight

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