国际经济学

• Leiras

  2012-05-04
  PC * DC + PF * DF = PC * QC + PF * QF.DF - QF = 1PC/PF2 * 1QC - DC2.the equation does show that the amount the economy canafford to import is limited, or constrained, by the amount it exports. Equation (4-8) istherefore known as a budget constraint.
• Leiras

  2012-05-04
  The general outcome, then, is simple: Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector of each country but hurts the factor specific to the import-competing sectors,with ambiguous effects on mobile factors.
• Leiras

  2012-05-04
  In each sector, profit-maximizing employers will demand labor up to the point where the value produced by an additional person-hour equals the cost of employing that hour. In the cloth sector, for example, the value of an additional person-hour is the marginal product of labor in cloth multiplied by the price ofone unit of cloth: If w is the wage rate of labor, employers will therefore hireworkers up to the point whereMPLC * PC = w. (4-4)-MPLF/MPLC = -PC/PFThis result tells us that at the production point, the production possibility frontier must be tangent to a line whose slope is minus the price of cloth divided by that of food.An Equal-Proportional Change in PricesChanges in the overall price level have no real effects,that is, do not change any physical quantities in the econom...
• Leiras

  2012-05-04
  if labor input is increasedwithout increasing capital as well, there will normally be diminishing returns: Becauseadding a worker means that each worker has less capital to work with, each successive increment of labor will add less to production than the last.In the Ricardian model, where labor is the only factor of production, the production possibility frontier is a straight line because the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of food is constant. In the specific factors model, however, the addition of other factors of production changes the shape of the production possibility frontier PP to a curve. The curvature of PP reflects diminishing returns to labor in each sector; these diminishing returns are the crucial difference between the specific factors and the Ricardian models.
• Leiras

  2012-05-04
  The specific factors model was developed by Paul Samuelson and Ronald Jones.1 Like the simple Ricardian model, it assumes an economy that produces two goods and that can allocate its labor supply between the two sectors. Unlike the Ricardian model, however, the specific factors model allows for the existence of factors of production besides labor.Whereas labor is a mobile factor that can move between sectors, these other factors are assumed to be specific. That is, they can be used only in the production of particular goods.production function(food cloth)Qc=Qc(k,Lc)Qf=Qf(T,Lf)L=Lf+Lc
• Leiras

  2012-05-04
  There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on thedistribution of income. First, resources cannot move immediately or without costfrom one industry to another—a short-run consequence of trade. Second, industriesdiffer in the factors of production they demand. A shift in the mix of goodsthat a country produces will ordinarily reduce the demand for some factors ofproduction, while raising the demand for others—a long-run consequence oftrade.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  1. The existence of more than one factor of production reduces the tendency toward specialization2. Countries sometimes protect industries from foreign competition 3. It is costly to transport goods and services; in some cases the cost of transportation is enough to lead countries into self-sufficiency in certain sectors.Many goods end up being nontraded either because of the absence of strong national cost advantages or because of high transportation costs.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  The rule for allocating world production, then, is simply this:Goods will always be produced where it is cheapest to make them.The cost of makingsome good, say good i, is the unit labor requirement times the wage rate.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  A country’s wage rate is roughly proportional to the country’s productivity.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  The competitive advantage of an industrydepends not only on its productivity relative to the foreign industry, but also on thedomestic wage rate relative to the foreign wage rate.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  The relative wage of acountry’s workers is the amount they are paid per hour, compared with the amount workers in another country are paid per hour.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  The first way to show that specialization and trade are beneficial is to think of trade as an indirect method of production.Another way to see the mutual gains from trade is to examine how trade affects eachcountry’s possibilities for consumption.In each case, trade has enlarged the range of choice, and therefore it must make residents of each country better off.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  partial equilibrium analysis, that is, to study a single market
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  In the absence of trade, the relative prices of cheese and wine in each country would be determined by the relative unit labor requirements.
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  The production possibility frontier illustrates the different mixes of goods the economy can produce. relative price of the economy’s two goods, that is, the price of one good in terms of the other.What is the significance of the number ? We saw in the previous section that it is the opportunity cost of cheese in terms of wine. We have therefore just derived a crucial proposition about the relationship between prices and production: The economy will specialize in the production of cheese if the relative price of cheese exceeds its opportunity cost in terms of wine; it will specialize in the production of wine if the relative price of cheese is less than its opportunity cost in terms of wine.opportunity cost equals the ratio of unit labor requirementsIn the absence of international trad...
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  unit labor requirement, the numberof hours of labor required to produce
• Leiras

  2012-04-29
  Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons, each of whichcontributes to their gains from trade. First, countries trade because they aredifferent from each other. Nations, like individuals, can benefit from theirdifferences by reaching an arrangement in which each does the things it doesrelatively well. Second, countries trade to achieve economies of scale inproduction. That is, if each country produces only a limited range of goods, it canproduce each of these goods at a larger scale and hence more efficiently than ifit tried to produce everything.The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number ofcomputers that could have been produced with the resources used to produce a givennumber of roses.We therefore have anessential insight about compa...